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DID
YOU KNOW THAT THE PHRASE “SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE’
IS NOT FOUND ANYWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION?
The
idea that it is found within the U.S. foundational
document, and its frightening misinterpretation has been propagated
throughout this great land with an increasing voracity within
the last 50 years.
The
phrase “Separation of Church and State” has been associated with (but NOT FOUND WITHIN) the Establishment
Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
The First Amendment actually reads like this:
Congress
shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Again,
the phrase “separation of church and state” is not found in this amendment, nor is it found anywhere else
in our Constitution. And yet jurists today cite it as proof and
precedent in present day court decisions to unconstitutionally limit religious public speech and activity. They venerate this
phrase without question, as if it (and their interpretation of
it) were the official wording of our hallowed foundational document,
sanctioned and supported by the whole of our founding fathers,
without dissent from any other statesmen.
This
could not be further from the truth!
What’s more, the meaning of the phrase is taken out of context
from the corporate opinions, behaviors, and common law of the
day. In other words, even if the statement were in the Constitution, it’s meaning has been twisted into
a dogma that it was never intended to portray...not even by the
statesman who wrote it. In addition, the Free Exercise
Clause of this amendment is violated every day as religious
speech and ideas are prohibited from our public schools, and many
goverment properties. This was certainly not our founders' intention.
The
American Founding Fathers (men who had significant input
and guidance in some form or fashion in the origination and early
development of our nation) are about 250 to 300 in number.
There were 55 Constitution drafters, 56 Declaration of
Independence Signers, and 90 Bill of Rights Drafters.#1 Many others were involved in the formation of our new government
at either the Federal or State Level, having effect in their official
positions (for example, as educators, clergymen, or statesmen)
or simply through the influence of their educated opinions.
To
gain a grasp on historical accuracy, every American should read,
if only a small amount, the written opinions of all the founding
fathers. These are the men who attended and debated the issues
at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, or attended state conventions
to ratify it; the Clergymen, the Congressmen who later formulated
the Bill of Rights, the first Supreme Court Judges, the educators
who founded our great universities, or the newly formed Executive
Branch.
Presently,
these and hundreds of other opinions of the founding fathers are
virtually ignored when it comes to interpreting
the first amendment today. Instead, the sentiments of Thomas
Jefferson and James Madison are repeatedly
quoted to reinforce the separationist dogma that has become prevalent
in many courts today.
James
Madison expressed some of the more extreme views on the
relationship between government and religion in his later writings
and official documents, one being the Detached Memoranda,
written around 1817. But his opinions of his later life were at
a direct variance to his earlier opinions, and to many of his
actions as a Virginia statesman and as president. He and Jefferson’s
Virginia Statute of 1786 is misinterpreted today
to represent “separation of church and state”,#2 when in actuality its purpose was to secure religious expression
equally for all denominations. As president, Madison signed a federal bill that gave financial aid to a Bible
Society for the mass distribution of Bibles,#3 and he also issued several proclamations for national
days of prayer, fasting, and thanksgiving.#4 Together, Jefferson and Madison proposed bills in Virginia such as “A Bill for
Saving the Property of the Church Heretofore by Law Established,”
“A Bill for Punishing Disturbers of Religious Worship and
Sabbath Breakers,” “A Bill for Appointing Days of
Public Fasting and Thanksgiving,” and “A
Bill Annulling Marriages Prohibited by the Levitical Law and Appointing
the Mode of Solemnizing Lawful Marriage.”#5 Jefferson authored a work entitled The
Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth,#6 and while president, approved several measures assigning federal
financial aid for Christian Missionaries to the Indians#7,
and signed three separate laws to appropriate government
land, again, for the use of Christian Missionaries
to evangelize Indians.#8 As a result of their disdain for religious tyranny (but not for
“pure” religion in general), these two men were intent
upon creating and maintaining a government free from the dictates
of any one religious sect, but they were not religion-hostile.
Both Jefferson and Madison supported
the real purpose of the First Amendment …
to prevent the Federal Government from establishing a national
denomination. And Jefferson particularly
felt that it was the right of the states alone and individually to establish and/or deal with religion as they saw fit.

Many
Thomas Jefferson written opinions, as well as
his personal and official behavior revealed a mindset that was
different from the very broad definition of separation of church
and state that is supported and propagated in courts today. While
Jefferson despised the infighting, corruptions
and misunderstandings of scriptural intent that was manifested,
at times, between the religious sects, he never intended that
religion in general and its influence be forbidden within government. He found the supernatural aspect of Christianity
implausible, but he deeply valued the morality that religion contributes
to society. The following are Jefferson quotes:
"[I
consider] ethics, as well as religion, as supplements to law in
the government of man.” #9
“The
Christian Religion, when divested of the rags in which they (the
clergy) have enveloped it, and brought to the original purity
and simplicity of its benevolent institutor, is a religion of
all others most friendly to liberty, science, and the freest expansion
of the human mind.” #10
“The
precepts of philosophy … laid hold of actions only …
(But Jesus) pushed his scrutinies into the heart of man, erected
his tribunal in the region of the thoughts, and purified the waters
at the fountain head.” #11
“In
extracting the pure principles which Jesus taught, we should have
to strip off the artificial vestments, in which they have been
muffled … there will be found remaining the most sublime
and benevolent code of morals which has ever been offered to man.” #12
“My
views … are the result of a life of inquiry and reflection,
and very different from the anti-christian system imputed to me
by those who know nothing of my opinions. To the corruptions of
Christianity I am, indeed, opposed; but not to the genuine precepts
of Jesus himself. I am a Christian in the only sense in which
he wished any one to be; sincerely attached to His doctrines in
preference to all others …” #13
“I
hold the precepts of Jesus as delivered by Himself, to be the
most pure, benevolent and sublime which have ever been preached
to man…” #14
“And
can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed
their only firm basis – a conviction in the minds of the
people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are
not to be violated but with His wrath? Indeed I tremble for my
country when I reflect that God is just: that His justice cannot
sleep forever.” #15

It
was the abuses within religions that Jefferson despised, not religion, itself. And even though he questioned
some of religion’s supernatural elements, he was mindful
of its value toward the maintenance of morality within society,
and within government. To forbid its efficacy upon the very institution
that wields power over the people would have been unwise. While
he strongly upheld the First Amendment’s directive in prohibiting
a national denomination, he never meant to bar
Christianity in general from being a political and governmental
influence. Jefferson was a champion of liberty
in all things … especially the freedom of man to think for
himself. To see the Court-sanctioned censorship of Christianity in the public square today and the accompanying demise of morality
and decency that has come with it …. would have been as
offensive to Jefferson’s sense of liberty,
morality and equality as the religious disparities and abuses
of his time. It would have been especially repellent in the light
of the fact that today’s censorships have come down from
the courts against the will of the majority of Americans!
His prophetic fear of judicial tyranny over the
will of the people was evident in these statements:
“The
Constitution is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the Judiciary,
which they may twist and shape into any form they please.” #16
“You
seem . . . to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of
all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed,
and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy.
Our judges are as honest as other men and not more so. They have,
with others, the same passions for party, for power, and the privilege
of their corps. . . . [A]nd their power the more dangerous as
they are in office for life and not responsible, as the other
functionaries are, to the elective control. The Constitution has
erected no such single tribunal.” #17
Abraham
Lincoln was one of many American leaders who concurred
with this healthy suspicion toward the Judiciary that has unfortunately become obsolete in today’s system:
“I
do not forget the position assumed by some that constitutional
questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court. . . . At the
same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy
of the government upon vital questions affecting the whole people
is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court,
the instant they are made . . . the people will have ceased to
be their own rulers, having . . . resigned their government into
the hands of that eminent tribunal.” #18 -Lincoln’s Inaugural Address
The
Judiciary was intended to be the least
powerful branch of the government, particularly because
it was an unelected branch, and its sole purpose
was to interpret laws as they were originally written,
not to twist old laws into new laws as they deem fit. Lawmaking must be left in the hands of the legislative branch…
the branch elected by and therefore subject to the people.

A
cursory study of the dialogue between the framers of the Bill
of Rights would quickly prove that the phrase “separation
of church and state” was not even on their minds.
In fact, in the Congressional Records (June 7 to September
25, 1789) covering the months of debate between the statesmen
who formulated the First Amendment, NOT ONE OF THE ATTENDING FOUNDING
FATHERS EVER MENTIONED THE PHRASE “SEPARATION OF
CHURCH AND STATE”!#19 Likewise, in future court cases, the phrase was referred to only
rarely, and was never invoked until over 150 years later.#20
And
to cite Thomas Jefferson as an authority in this
matter becomes even more questionable when one realizes the circumstances
of the framing of the First Amendment. Thomas
Jefferson had nothing to do with the amendment’s
writing. Jefferson was not a part of the amendment
debates, nor was he a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional
Convention. Jefferson was not even a
member of Congress in the year of the Amendments’ ratification
(1789). At the time of its inception, Jefferson was out of the country, serving as U.S. Minister to France!#21
While
Jefferson had little to do with the formation
of the First Amendment, James Madison did play
a role, but only in league with many other statesmen, such as
Fisher Ames, Elbridge Gerry, John Vining, Daniel and Charles
Carroll, Benjamin Huntington, Roger Sherman, Oliver Ellsworth,
and William Paterson. These other men had an
equal or even more direct role in the forming of the clause,#22 and many were openly Christian in both their
personal and public lives. Beyond Jefferson and Madison, their influence is largely ignored today.
And
even though Jefferson and Madison are often cited with regard to the Amendment, James Madison initially opposed the Bill of Rights altogether
(and therefore the First Amendment), until he realized that the
Constitution would not be ratified without these
amendments. Amongst many other officials, he had a hand in the
amendment debates. And while his proposed amendment was more specifically
pointed to what the amendment was to represent: “The
civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious
belief or worship, nor shall any national religion be
established.”,#23 he was not its official author. His and other
statesmen’s proposed versions were discarded in favor of
the one we see today, authored by statesman Fisher Ames.
As David Barton declares in his book "Original
Intent, The Courts, The Constitution, and Religion": "By utilizing Jefferson and Madison as the principal
spokesmen for the First Amendment, the contemporary courts have
chosen one who was out of the country at the time of the formation
of the First Amendment and another who felt it unnecessary."
 
We
simply cannot trust the voices that have become prominent in recent
court decisions, in order to accurately interpret the true spirit
and original intent of the First Amendment. There
has been an extreme liberty taken in selectively “interpreting”
our forefathers’ intentions. We MUST study the spiritual
and political commentary, as well as the societal backdrop of
ALL of the founding fathers, from the earliest roots of America
until the actual birth of the new nation.
Jefferson, himself, understood the importance
of rightly interpreting law as it was originally intended,
when he asserted that...
“On
every question of construction, carry ourselves back to the time
when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested
in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed
out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the probable
one in which it was passed.” #24
And
likewise:
"A
departure from principle in one instance becomes a precedent for
a second; that second for a third; and so on, till the bulk of
the society is reduced to be mere automatons of misery, to have
no sensibilities left but for sin and suffering." #25
Justice
Joseph Story, nominated by James Madison to the Supreme Court, and founder of
Harvard Law School added that ….
“The
first and fundamental rule in the interpretation of all instruments
(documents) is to construe them according to the sense of the
terms and the intention of the parties.” #26
Justice
James Wilson, one of the first original Supreme
Court Justices, one of only six men who signed both the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution,
and co-author of America’s first legal commentaries
on the Constitution, stated that…
“The
first and governing maxim in the interpretation of a statute is
to discover the meaning of those who made it.” #27
And
Noah Webster warned about the effects of interpreting
the language of any writing, without discerning the common
knowledge of the period in which it was written:
“In
the lapse of two or three centuries, changes have taken place
which in particular passages …. obscure the sense of the
original languages … The effect of these changes is that
some words are … being now used in a sense different from
that which they had (and thus) present wrong signification or
false ideas. Whenever words are understood in a sense different
from that which they had when introduced … mistakes may
be very injurious.” #28
All
four of these founding fathers (and many others) understood the
abuses that could arise when officials do not take the time to
carefully study the background of the ordinances they are appointed
to interpret. With societal changes, misinterpretation comes easily
when decades or even centuries have passed between the period
the law was written and the period in which it is being interpreted.

The
phrase “separation of church and state” originated
in a letter written by President Thomas Jefferson to The Baptist Association of Danbury, Connecticut.
The Baptists had written President Jefferson conveying their joy that Jefferson, a fellow
Anti-Federalist, had been elected President, but also
expressing concern that the constitution’s protection of
religion may not have the strength of substance they had hoped
for. They were fearful that “…what religious
privileges we enjoy (as a minor part of the State) we enjoy as
favors granted, and not as inalienable rights.”
#29
Inalienable
rights are also referred to by the founding fathers as
“natural rights”. These are rights
they considered to be granted by God, and God alone, and nontransferable
to the government or anyone else. The correct pronunciation of
“unalienable” would actually be “un-a-leen-able”,
not the “un-a-le-un-able” that is often quoted today.
The inference being that these natural rights (such as the rights of life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness) may not have a lien placed
upon them by our government. These rights belong to the people,
and to them alone...and the only Person who can remove these rights
is God.
The
Danbury Baptists’ desire for these religious protections
was shared by President Jefferson. He supported
the prohibition of an established national denomination in the United States, thereby allowing all to worship freely within
their own belief systems and traditions. His famous letter that
contains the “separation” phrase
is as follows:
Gentlemen
The
affectionate sentiments of esteem & approbation which you
are so good as to express towards me, on behalf of the Danbury
Baptist association, give me the highest satisfaction.
my duties dictate a faithful & zealous pursuit of the interests
of my constituents, and, in proportion as they are persuaded of
my fidelity to those duties, the discharge of them becomes more
& more pleasing.
Believing
with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man
& his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith
or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach
actions only and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence
that act of the whole American people which declared that their
legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;" thus
building a wall of separation between Church & State.
Adhering
to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf
of the rights of conscience I shall see with friendly dispositions
the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man
all his natural rights, convinced that he has no natural rights
in opposition to his social duties."]
I
reciprocate your kind prayers for the protection & blessing
of the common father and creator of man, and tender you for yourselves
& the Danbury Baptist [your religious] association assurances of my high respect & esteem.
Th
Jefferson Jan. 1. 1802. #30
Jefferson’s conviction was that citizen’s
individual rights to religion were natural, God given
rights, and that the federal government was not to interfere with these rights. Likewise,
the intention of the First Amendment was not
to censor religious expression in public or otherwise … unless the religious acts disrupted “peace
and good order”, or, as the Danbury Baptists put it …worked “ill to (one’s) neighbor”.
#31 And the “free exercise” clause of
the amendment is there, specifically, to protect religious expression! This Amendment as a whole was enacted, in
fact, not to keep Christian beliefs and influences out
of government, but to keep the national government out of Christian
beliefs and practices!
And
with regard to the phrase “separation of church
and state”, which is erroneously attributed to
the First Amendment, David Barton stated in his
book “Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, and
Religion” that “There is probably no other
instance in America’s history where words spoken by a single
individual in a private letter – words clearly divorced
from their context –have become the sole authorization for
a national judicial policy.” #32

In
fact, a large portion of the founding fathers felt that Christianity
was the very basis for a free society … and that it was essential in keeping government leaders
and citizens moral, and therefore indispensable
to the peace and good order of a new republic. Consider
the following founders’ quotes:
“Of
all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would
that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to
subvert these great pillars.” #33–George
Washington
“Let
us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained
without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of
refined education on minds … reason and experience both
forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion
of religious principle.”#34 -George Washington “The propitious (favorable) smiles of Heaven
can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal
rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained.”#35 -George Washington “Is it not that the Declaration of Independence
first organized the social compact on the foundation of the Redeemer’s
mission upon earth? That it laid the cornerstone of human government
upon the first percepts of Christianity?”#36 -John Quincy Adams “That book, Sir, [The Bible]… is the Rock
on which our Republic rests.”#37 –President Andrew Jackson, 1845
“I
have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more
convincing proofs I see of this truth – that God governs
in the affairs of men. If a sparrow cannot fall to the ground
without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without
His aid? We’ve been assured in the sacred writing that,
“Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that
build it.” #38 -Ben Franklin "Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom.
As nations become corrupt and vicious, they have more need of
masters."#39 –Benjamin Franklin 1787 “We have no government armed with power capable
of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion.
Avarice, ambition, revenge, or gallantry, would break the strongest
cords of our Constitution as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution
was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate
to the government of any other.” #40-John
Adams "The great pillars of all government and of social life …(are)
virtue, morality, and religion. This is the armor, my friend,
and this alone, that renders us invincible." #41–Patrick
Henry
"One
of the beautiful boasts of our municipal jurisprudence is that
Christianity is a part of the Common Law … There never has
been a period in which the common Law did not recognize Christianity
as lying at its foundations … I verily believe Christianity
necessary to the support of civil society." #42–Joseph
Story, Supreme Court Justice, founder of Harvard Law School.
“Human
Law must rest its authority ultimately upon the authority of that
law which is Divine … Far from being rivals or enemies,
religion and law are twin sisters, friends, and mutual assistants.
Indeed, these two sciences run into each other. The Divine law
… forms an essential part of both.” #43-James
Wilson, signer of the Constitution, original Supreme Court Justice,
coauthor of America’s first Commentaries on the Constitution.
“Let
us enter on this important business under the idea that we are
Christians on whom the eyes of the world are now turned …Let
us in the first place … humbly and penitently implore the
aid of the Almighty God whom we profess to serve – let us
earnestly call and beseech him for Christ’s sake to preside
in our councils.” #44-Elias
Boudinot, President of the Continental Congress
"The
Christian religion –its general principles –must ever
be regarded among us as the foundation of civil society." #45–Daniel
Webster
"The
religion which has introduced civil liberty is the religion of
Christ and His apostles … and to this we owe our free constitutions
of government." #46–Noah
Webster “The truth announced in the Holy Scripture, and proven by
all history (is) that, ‘Those nations only are blessed whose
God is the Lord." #47-Abraham
Lincoln “No purpose of action against religion can be imputed to
any legislation, state or national, because this is a religious
people … This is a Christian nation.” #48-U.S.
Supreme Court, 1892
“Whatever
strikes at the root of Christianity tends manifestly to the dissolution
of civil government.” #49-U.S.
Supreme Court, citing a previous 1811 court ruling.
And
from a recent statesman:
"Without
God, there is no virtue, because there's no prompting of the conscience.
Without God, we're mired in the material, that flat world that
tells us only what the senses perceive. Without God, there is
a coarsening of the society. And without God, democracy will not
and cannot long endure. If we ever forget that we're one nation
under God, then we will be a nation gone under." #50-Ronald
Reagan
…where
the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. –2
Corinthians 3:17, NIV
These
are but a few examples from a vast wealth of quotations that convey the Christian Political beliefs of our early fathers.
Christianity’s influence was largely welcomed into the framing
of public policy and law. Had this not been so, American
jurisprudence would not have had its basis in Judeo-Christian
law, taken from Biblical scripture.
Likewise, there would be no Bible verses, Ten Commandments,
or paintings of religious acts displayed or etched
onto dozens of our national and state edifices under the authority,
direction, agreement, and support of our forefathers.
These
religious displays have met with little argument until
just recently. It is an amazing fact that during our
first 200 years … these overt Christian expressions have been painted or engraved upon our state and national monuments
and currency; Christian ideology has been inbred
deeply within our laws; Congress has traditionally opened with
prayer; school days started with prayer until the unfortunate
court ruling in 1962; and Thanksgiving and Christmas were official
national holidays obviously devoted to Christian events
and tradition. And yet liberal ideologues today promulgate
the idea that from the beginning, the founding fathers never intended
even a hint of religion to enter into the governmental arena!
If
their assessment of “separation of church and state”
is true, then how on earth did all the previous government officials
miss what was such an obvious breach of the First Amendment for
the first 150 years??
The
answer is clear. The acknowledgement or encouragement of God in the public or government arena was not in conflict with the First Amendment at all. In fact, the
founding fathers encouraged God and His influence
within government, education, and society, because they instinctively
understood that our new nation would not survive long without
His input, and His blessing.
 
As
was previously stated, the Federal Government’s
purpose for the first amendment was not to inhibit religious
displays or practices, but to limit ITSELF from
interfering with the “free exercise thereof”.
In other words, the limitation was NOT imposed upon religion (whether it be on government property or elsewhere). Quite the
contrary...the limitation was placed upon government.
Justice
Joseph Story (Supreme Court Justice and Founder of Harvard Law
School) stated: “We are not to
attribute this (First Amendment) prohibition of a national religious
establishment to an indifference to religion in general, and especially
to CHRISTIANITY (which none could hold in more reverence, than
the FRAMERS OF THE CONSTITUTION) …. Probably, at the time
of the adoption of the Constitution, and of the Amendment to it
now under consideration, the general, if not the universal sentiment
in America was that CHRISTIANITY ought to receive ENCOURAGEMENT
FROM THE STATE … An attempt to level all religions and make
it a matter of state policy to hold all in utter indifference
would have created universal disapprobation (disapproval) if not
universal indignation (anger).” #51 (emphasis added)
The House Judiciary Committee in 1853-54, asserted
that “Had the people, during the revolution,
had a suspicion of any attempt to war against Christianity, that
Revolution would have been strangled in its cradle. At the time
of the adoptions of the Constitution and the amendments, the universal
sentiment was that CHRISTIANITY SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED, not any
one sect (denomination). Any attempt to level and discard all
religion would have been viewed with universal indignation. IT
(RELIGION) MUST BE CONSIDERED AS THE FOUNDATION ON WHICH THE WHOLE
STRUCTURE RESTS. … In this age there can be no substitute
for Christianity; that, in its general principles, is the great
conservative element on which we must rely for the purity and
permanence of free institutions. That was the religion of the
founders of the republic, AND THEY EXPECTED IT TO REMAIN THE RELIGION
OF THEIR DESCENDENTS.” #52 (emphasis added)
The
Senate Judiciary Committee (1853-54) put it this
way: “They, (the founders) intended, by this
Amendment, to prohibit “an establishment of religion”
such as the English Church presented, or any thing like it. But
they had no fear or jealousy of religion itself, nor did they
wish to see us an irreligious people …THEY DID NOT INTEND
TO SPREAD OVER ALL THE PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND THE WHOLE PUBLIC
ACTION OF THE NATION THE DEAD AND REVOLTING SPECTACLE OF ATHEISTICAL
APATHY.” #53 (emphasis added)
Our
forefathers high regard for Christianity in the public
square was understood. The thought of removing it to
make government “neutral” was unthinkable.
Dr. Benjamin Rush (educator, signer of the Declaration
of Independence) put it this way:
“Such
is my veneration for every religion that reveals the attributes
of the Deity, or a future state of REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS, that
I had rather see the opinions of Confucius or Mohamed inculcated
upon our youth than see them grow up wholly devoid of a system
of religious principles. But the religion I mean to recommend
in this place is that of the NEW TESTAMENT …. (A)ll its
doctrines and precepts are calculated to promote the happiness
of society and the safety and well being of civil government.” #54

This
idea of Christian “rewards and punishments” is peppered throughout the writings of our early officials. They
understood that government leaders, as well as their constituents,
would be more self-governed, honest, hard working citizens if
these same people believed there was a God who would reward
them in the afterlife for their deeds. They also understood
that while no one is perfect, Godliness and virtue generally follow one another.
“If
men are so wicked with religion, what would they be if without
it?” #55 -Benjamin Franklin
This
belief was absolutely key in creating a government and society
that was moral, peaceful, and productive. Christian ideas and statements were not incidentally placed throughout our founders’
writings, documents and monuments. They were in fact, representative
of the founding fathers deep and abiding belief that a free
society cannot ultimately survive without God’s
Higher Laws as its foundation!

As
was stated before, the First Amendment assured
citizens that there would be no “establishment of
religion” on a national basis.
To be more specific: Since our nation was and is predominantly a Christian society, the directive
assured that there would be no specific “Christian”
denomination chosen as our national denomination.
Even though there were several faiths represented in early America
(including Native American religion, Judaism, Islam, and Buddhists),
the great majority of the population was Christian, and Christianity was the preferred religion of the founding fathers.
These
Christians, represented by varying sects, deeply
cherished and guarded their beliefs. Many years prior, a large
portion of early Americans’ ancestors had left
their European homes with a few small possessions and crossed
the treacherous Atlantic Ocean in order to escape religious
persecution. This was a response to the nations
in Europe that had established national Christian
denominations, which in essence drove these dissenting
sects onto the shores of America in hope of finding
a new freedom to worship in their own way. It is important to
note that these were Christians who were earnest
enough about their religion to leave their homes and all they
knew, oftentimes risking their lives enroute to a new
and unknown world. They were not nominal Christians...they
were serious about their faith.
This
Christian “establishment” tradition of European
nations (the formation of national denominations),
including Great Britain’s, therefore became
repugnant to the American forefathers … and in part resulted
in some of the extreme views that were, at times, expressed by
statesmen such as James Madison. Most of our
founding fathers, however, held much more traditional and moderate
views with regard to government and Christianity. And while all
basically agreed on establishing no particular national
Christian denomination, many believed that government
should be allowed to sanction religious practices (such
as days of prayer and fasting); if not on a national level, most
certainly on a state level. It is very important to note that
the First Amendment was drafted to limit Federal
Government with regard to religion, but this
amendment had no jurisdiction over state religious laws and practices! Religious establishment and officially sanctioned practices was
left to the power and preference of each state.

The
Federal Government and Courts’ current power of jurisdiction
over states that is in effect today was not prudent,
in fact it was illegal in the minds of the original
founders. This is why the Bill of Rights was
added to the Constitution … in order to
limit the Federal Government’s power, thus
preserving the states’ sovereignty. Jefferson,
himself, was a champion of the importance of the states’
autonomy, and the essential limitation of a federal centralized government. He wrote that the … “power to prescribe any religious exercise ….
must rest with the States”.#56 Justice Joseph Story, nominated by James Madison to the Supreme
Court, and founder of Harvard Law School stated that … “the
whole power over the subject of religion is left exclusively to
the State governments to be acted upon according to their own
sense of justice and the State constitutions”.#57 This left the states to do as they wished with regard to establishment
of a state denomination. The greater freedom with regard
to religion was theirs, and the federal government was
not to interfere with their rights or choices. This followed the
pattern of limited national government, which
was essential in the eyes of our early American leaders. This
is why we bear the moniker The United States of America, and not just America. The national government
was constructed in order to protect and maintain the states united, but the states were to remain essentially self-governed.

Every
one of the states ultimately followed suit with the Federal precedent,
in not establishing official State Christian
denominations, although the temptation and the opportunity was
there to do so, as many of them were populated largely by one
sect. The state’s Constitutions, however,
were filled with rhetoric that conveyed reverence toward the Christian
God, and with obvious deference to the importance of
establishing and honoring Biblical based statutes in the
State laws and education. By no means were they indifferent
or unresponsive when it came to religion playing a large part
in public policy and practices. The fact is …they strongly
encouraged it. The following language of some
of the states’ Preambles to their Constitutions is just one example of how strongly they felt about Christianity remaining a vital part of their public policy:
Alabama
1901, Preamble. We the people of the State of Alabama,
… invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain
and establish the following Constitution ... #58
Alaska
1956, Preamble. We, the people of Alaska, grateful
to God and to those who founded our nation and pioneered this great land… #59
Arizona
1911, Preamble. We, the people of the State of Arizona,
grateful to Almighty God for our liberties, do ordain this Constitution... #60
Arkansas 1874, Preamble. We, the people of the State
of Arkansas, grateful to Almighty God for the privilege of choosing our own form of government... #61
California 1879, Preamble. We, the People of the State
of California, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom. #62
Every
one of the 50 states’ Preambles has similar religious language.
In
addition, there were even more overt Christian directives written in the states’ Constitutions:
“Every
person appointed to public office shall say ‘I ________,
do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only
Son, and the Holy Ghost, on God, blessed for evermore; and I do
acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to
be given by divine inspiration." -Constitution
of Delaware #63
“And
each member (of the legislature), before he takes his seat, shall
make and subscribe the following declaration: ‘I do believe
in one God, the Creator and Governor of the universe, the rewarder
of the good and the punisher of the wicked.” -Constitutions of Pennsylvania and Vermont #64
Again,
all of the states constitutions had similar language.
The
phrase “separation of church and state” had actually appeared in less than a dozen cases in U.S. courts,
up until the time that it was first invoked in the case of Everson
v. Board of Education in 1947.
Throughout America’s first 150 years, no court decision
had ever supported the separation ideology. But this 1947 decision
was instrumental in the advent of our nation’s corrosion
from within that has followed in subsequent court decisions for
the last 58 years. After 1947, this Jefferson
phrase has appeared in courts in literally thousands
of cases.
The
1947 Supreme Court forfeited the original intent
of the Constitution (of which they were sworn to uphold,
and Jefferson, himself had supported) to their
own political and personal philosophies. Study of the original
intentions of the whole of the original statesmen was thrown aside,
and Jefferson’s warning was not heeded:
“On
every question of construction, carry ourselves back to the time
when the Constitution was adopted, recollect the spirit manifested
in the debates, and instead of trying what meaning may be squeezed
out of the text, or invented against it, conform to the probable
one in which it was passed.” #65
The
Court’s 1947 Everson decision
coupled the First Amendment with the Fourteenth
Amendment, an amendment that was implemented in 1868
in order to guarantee state citizenship to former slaves. Strangely
enough, the Everson Court combined these
two amendments to remove the states’ autonomy with regard to religious practices and subvert
them to the jurisdiction of the Federal Government.
(Neither the First or Fourteenth Amendments original intent was to generally embolden the power of Federal
Government and/or subvert states’ rights.)
Nevertheless,
at the same time, the Court discarded the historical case
law, constitutional law, and common understanding of
the First Amendment (which was to protect free expression
of religion from Federal government tampering) and rather
interpreted it, without precedent, to separate government and
religion, stating that …
…The
First Amendment has erected a wall between Church and State. That
wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve the
slightest breach.” #66
And
yet there had been breaches by the hundreds and
thousands for the previous 150 years, if this new interpretation
was in any was correct! This Court decision created a quagmire
in which thousands of previously legal religious practices were now in question. And while many court decisions after 1947
continued to uphold and even encourage the original intent of
the First Amendment, a few decisions began to
invoke the separation idiom, including the 1962 Engel
v. Vitale case, which, without citing a
single precedent, removed voluntary prayer from schools, claiming that a simple nondenominational prayer
in New York schools established “an official state
religion”, breaching the “constitutional
wall of separation of church and state”.#67 In this case, Justice Potter Stewart was the
beacon of common sense when he proposed his dissent:
“The
Court today says that the State and federal governments are without
constitutional power to prescribe any particular form of words
to be recited by any group of the American people on any subject
touching religion. One of the stanzas of “The Star-Spangled
Banner,” made our National Anthem by Act of Congress in
1931, contains these verses:
‘Blest
with victory and peace, may the heav’n rescued land Praise
the power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer
we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto ‘in
God is our Trust.’
In
1954, Congress added a phrase to the Pledge of Allegiance to the
Flag so that it now contains the words “one Nation under
God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all” ….
Since 1865 the words “In God We Trust” have been impressed
on our coins. Countless similar examples could be listed, but
there is no need to belabor the obvious …I do not believe
that this Court, or the Congress, or the President has by the
actions and practices I have mentioned established an “official
religion” in violation of the Constitution. And I do not
believe the State of New York has done so in this case. What each
has done has been to recognize and to follow the deeply entrenched
and highly cherished spiritual traditions of our Nation –
traditions which come down to us from those who almost two hundred
years ago avowed their “firm reliance on the Protection
of divine Providence.”
In
addition, he added …
“With
all respect, I think the court has misapplied a great constitutional
principle. I cannot see how an “official religion”
is established by letting those who want to say a prayer say it.
On the contrary, I think that to deny the wish of these school
children to join in reciting this prayer is to deny them the opportunity
of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation ….For
we deal here not with the establishment of a state church, which
would, of course, be constitutionally impermissible, but with
whether school children who want to begin their day by joining
in prayer must be prohibited from doing so.” #68
Then came the 1963 School District of Abington Township
v. Schempp case, which abolished volunteer
Bible reading in Pennsylvania schools, claiming that
religious activities must remain home or in private schools. Again,
Justice Potter’s dissent:
“It
might be argued here that parents who wanted their children to
be exposed to religious influences in school could … send
their children to private or parochial schools. But the consideration
which renders this contention too facile (simplistic) to be determinative
(a factor) has already been recognized by the Court: “Freedom
of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion are available
to all, not merely to those who can pay their own way.”
Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105, 111. It might also be argued
that parents who want their children exposed to religious influences
can adequately fulfill that wish off school property and outside
school time. With all its surface persuasiveness, however, this
argument seriously misconceives the basic constitutional justification
for permitting the exercises at issue in these cases. For a compulsory
state educational system SO STRUCTURES A CHILD’S LIFE that
if religious exercises are held to an impermissible activity in
schools, , religion is placed at an artificial and state-created
DISADVANTAGE. Viewed in this light, permission of such exercises
for those who want them is necessary if the schools are TRULY
TO BE NEUTRAL in the matter of religion. And a refusal to permit
religious exercises thus is seen, not as the realization of state
neutrality, but rather as the ESTABLISHMENT OF A RELIGION OF SECULARISM.” #69 (emphasis added)
Indeed, it IS a regrettable fact that removing God,
prayer, and Christian principles from American governmental institutions is, by default, an establishment
of Atheism and/or Secular Humanism as national policy … not by word, perhaps, but certainly by deed! Most every
group, essentially, is permitted free speech in public schools
(within reason) … except traditional religionists,
and especially, Christians. For a nation who
has prided itself in its promotion of free speech and an unprecedented
free flow of ideas … our government, and it’s liberal
proponents have become masterful at censoring the one idea that
they (curiously) find repellant …. that is, the idea of
Christianity.

Believe
it or not, Secular Humanism has officially been
granted status as a religion in and of itself,
by the Supreme Court, in Torcaso
v. Watkins, 1961 #70,
as well as the U.S. Appellate case of Washington Ethical
Society V. District of Columbia, 1957 #71.
Thus, our nation has forbidden the traditional religion
of Christianity, and simply substituted another “new”
religion of Secular Humanism/Atheism in its place.
The Secular Humanists, themselves, however, have
happily assumed the religious status with regard to the “free
exercise” clause, but not with regard to the “establishment”
clause. They have, in essence, taken on two identities in order
to manipulate the courts and the system. This is how they manage
to retain the benefits of a full-fledged religion, as Christianity
does (such as tax exempt status), and yet, unlike Christians,
are allowed to continually propagate their beliefs (such as evolution)
throughout public schools on an unequal playing field.
In other words, Christianity now has little
to no voice within the walls of our public schools,
or public square, but the religion of secular humanism
has carte blanche, according to the courts. These legal discrepancies
have been disingenuous, at best. As a result, and as Justice
Stewart brilliantly predicted …the Christian
religion has been “placed at an artificial
and state-created disadvantage”. #72
Christianity and Secular Humanism/Atheism are both belief systems. And a person’s beliefs are what
he lives by, what he follows. Secular Humanism is in fact not a true religion however, because religion, by definition,
must include the respect and veneration of a higher power (God).
However, since the Supreme Court has recently declared Secular
Humanism a religion, then why should it be afforded
special status above the teachings of any other religion … that is, the religion of Christianity in the Public
Schools? Remarkably, this judicial inequality has been allowed to flourish for the last 34 years or so ….
even though we boast a large majority of Christians in this nation. The Christian majority simply does not
rule. This begs the question: Since when does a system
based upon democracy rule according to the minority?
Much less, a very small minority?

Still,
despite this Christian majority, there are those
who feel it is not harmful but actually helpful to secularize
government, and that “neutralizing”
government is more equitable to all people represented in the
U.S. But, as stated before, “neutrality”
in our public system does not translate into equality,
or an equal playing field. Quite the contrary. It has simply put
Christians under a complete disadvantage to Secular/Humanists/Atheists.
Their beliefs (or non-beliefs, if you will) have become state
mandated, and Christian tenets have been thrown aside. THERE
IS NO SUCH THING AS NEUTRALITY. There never will
be.
The
fact is … if we do not choose to base our policies, belief
systems, or school teachings upon Christian morals,
we WILL most assuredly be basing them upon SOMEONE’S morals. All of law, all science, and even history (to a degree)
is based upon SOMEONE”S beliefs, perspective, or point of
view, whether they be religious or not. So whose morals or standards
do we choose? Where will they come from, if not from Holy Scripture?
Jesus
Christ made it very clear when He asserted that …”He
who is not with me is against me, and he who does not gather with
me scatters.” … Matthew 12:30, Luke
11:23, NIV
The
Lord also stated that …“So then because
thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee
out of my mouth.” -Revelation 3:16, KJV
He
gave no room for playing both sides, no support for sitting on
the fence. In essence, He was saying … THERE
IS NO SUCH THING AS NEUTRALITY.

What
secularists fail to recognize is that Christianity in
America has been the most gracious, tolerant
religion when it comes to allowing other religions
to coexist. America has been the champion of unprecedented
tolerance toward other religions (or the lack thereof). The
United States has allowed other religions to worship freely since the signing of the Constitution, while yet retaining
our Christian culture, society, and laws. It is because we are Christian that we have grace toward others.
It is because we are Christian that we have reasonable, protective laws. NO nation can be completely
neutral on ANY issue (because personal beliefs will always come
into play). So why not retain a benevolent moral scripture
to be the basis for law and public policy …. just
as our founding fathers did? Why are the political actions of
our forefathers deemed brilliant, except in the case of
their support for the Christian religion? Why do secularists
feel the need to “fix” what wasn’t broken to
begin with? The founding fathers’ formula for liberty,
based upon Christianity, created the most free, prosperous,
productive nation in history. With such unprecedented success,
why on earth has this formula been abandoned?
What
practicing Christians know to be true is that American
Christianity and its proclamation is precisely WHY we
have prospered for our first 185 years as a nation. God is very
real, and very much in the business of corporately blessing those
nations who honor Him. And once Christianity is completely taken out of our government creeds, currency,
schools, laws and monuments ... religious tolerance will be gone
with it, not to mention the removal of the hand and blessing
of God this nation has enjoyed without precedent for over 200
years. The South Carolina Supreme Court agreed
with this notion in the case of the City of Charleston
v. Benjamin (1846). The court wrote:
What
gave to us this noble safeguard of religious toleration ...? It
was Christianity .... But this toleration, thus granted, is a
religious toleration; it is the free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, with two provisos, one of which,
that which guards against acts of licentiousness (immorality),
testifies to the Christian construction...
What
constitutes the standard of good morals? Is it not Christianity?
There certainly is none other ... The day of moral virtue in which
we live would, in an instant, if that standard were abolished,
lapse into the dark and murky night of Pagan immorality...
In
the Courts over which we preside, we daily acknowledge Christianity
as the most solemn part of our administration. A Christian witness,
having no religious scruples about placing his hand upon the book,
is sworn upon the holy Evangelists – the books of the New
Testament which testify of our Savior’s birth, life, death,
and resurrection; this is so common a matter that it is little
thought of as an evidence of the part which Christianity has in
the common law …
I
agree fully to what is beautifully and appropriately said in (the
case) Updegraph
v. The Commonwealth (1824) … ----Christianity, general
Christianity, is, and always has been, a part of the common law:
“not Christianity founded on any particular religious tenets;
not Christianity with an established church … but Christianity
with liberty of the conscience to all men.” #73
David
Barton, in his book Original Intent states it this way:
“In
the view of the Charleston court, Christian principles had produced
America’s toleration for other religions; and while American
did legislate according to Christian standards of conduct for
social behavior, it did not tell other religions how, where, when,
or even whether to worship. The only restraints placed on those
religions were that their religious practices not be licentious
or subversive of public morality or safety. Aside from those stipulations,
America granted broad religious toleration to other religions
NOT IN SPITE OF, but BECAUSE of its Christian beliefs.” #74 This distinctly American Christian identity, with a grace
toward other religions, is what has set us apart from
any other nation before us. We have proven that a Christian nation
(with a holy, yet benevolent God) can govern and flourish without
banishing those present who do not believe. The freedoms we have enjoyed can exist only amongst a moral people.
These liberties will eventually dissipate without a moral compass,
or a Moral God. Without the Absolutes of Christianity,
all reason is cast aside. Right becomes wrong, and wrong becomes
right ... and people become lost within their own philosophies.
Woe
to those who call evil good and good evil, who put darkness for
light and light for darkness, who put bitter for sweet and sweet for
bitter. -Isaiah 5:20, NIV If we do not work to turn back the deception that has slowly crept
into our nation’s corporate mindset about the “neutrality”
of secularism … we are doomed to lose this great
nation that our forefathers so courageously and selflessly fought
for. America became free because it was first
Christian … not Christian because it was first
free.
"When
a well-packaged web of lies has been sold gradually to the masses
over generations, the truth will seem utterly preposterous and
its speaker a raving lunatic." - Dresden James
#75
“There
is nothing so absurd but if you repeat it often enough people
will believe it.” -Dr. William James, Father
of Modern Psychology #76
“Make
the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they
will believe it.” –Adolf Hitler #77
“How
fortunate for leaders that men do not think.” –Adolf Hitler #78
“All
that is necessary for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing.” –Edmund Burke #79
 
End
Notes:
1) David Barton, Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, &
Religion, (Aledo,TX: WallBuilder Press, 2000), p. 6. [return
to document]
2) David Barton,
Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion,
(Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 2000), p. 203. [return
to document]
3) The Debates and
Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington:
Gales & Seaton, 1853), Twelfth Congress, Second Session, p.
1325: “An Act for the relief of the Bible Society of Philadelphia.
Be it enacted, &c., That the duties arising and due to the
United States upon certain stereotype plates, imported during
the last year into the port of Philadelphia, on board the ship
Brilliant, by the Bible Society of Philadelphia, for the purpose
of printing editions of the Holy Bible, be and the same are hereby
remitted, on behalf of the United States, to the said society:
and any bond or security given for the securing of the payment
of the said duties shall be cancelled. Approved February 2, 1813.”
[return to document] 4) James D. Richardson,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897
(Published by Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. I, pp. 512-513,
June 19, 1812; pp. 532-533, July 23, 1813; p. 558, November 16,
1814; pp. 560-561, March 4, 1815. [return to document]
5) James Madison,
The Papers of James Madison, Robert A Rutland, editor (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1973), Vol. VIII, pp. 396. [return
to document]
6) Henry S. Randall,
The Life of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858),
Vol. III, pp. 451-452. For an alternative view of the purpose
of this book, see Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospel’s,
Dickinson W. Adams, editor (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1983), p. 28, n. 87. [return to document]
7) American State
Papers, Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. Claire Clarke, editors (Washington,
D. C.: Gales and Seaton, 1832), Vol. IV, p. 687. [return
to document]
8) Debates and Proceedings
in the Congress of the United States, Seventh Congress (Washington,
D. C.: Gales and Seaton, 1851), p. 1332, “An Act in Addition
to An Act, Entitled, ‘An Act in Addition to an Act Regulating
the Grants of Land Appropriated for Military Services, and for
the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
Among the Heathen’ ”; Seventh Congress, Second Session,
p. 1602, “An Act to Revive and Continue in Force An Act
in Addition to An Act, Entitled, ‘An Act in Addition to
an Act Regulating the Grants of Land Appropriated for Military
Services, and for the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating
the Gospel Among the Heathen,’ and for Other Purposes”;
and Eighth Congress, p. 1279, ”An Act Granting Further Time
for Locating Military Land Warrants, and for Other Purposes.”
[return to document]
9) Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson,
Albert E. Bergh, editor (Washington D. C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial
Association, 1904), Vol. XVI, p. 19, to Judge Augustus B. Woodward
on March 24, 1824. [return to document]
10) March 23, 1801,
in a letter from Washington, D.C., to Moses Robinson. Barnes Mayo,
ed., Jefferson Himself--the personal narrative of a many-sided
American (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942), p. 231. Catherine
Millard, The Rewriting of America’s History (Camp Hill,
PA: Horizon House Publishers, 1991), p. 92. [return
to document]
11) Jefferson, Memoir,
Vol. III, p. 509, from his “Syllabus of an estimate of the
Merits of the doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of others”
sent with a letter to Benjamin Rush on April 21, 1803. [return
to document]
12) 1813, in a letter
to John Adams. Thomas Jefferson, Writings, Vol. XIII, p. 389.
Douglas Lurton, “Foreword,” The Jefferson Bible (Cleveland,
OH: The Word Publishing Company, 1942), p. ix. Burton Stevenson,
The Home Book of Quotations—Classical and Modern (New York:
Dodd, Mead and Company, 1967), p. 266. Gary DeMar, The Untold
Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision, Inc., 1993), p. 91. [return
to document]
13) April 21, 1803,
in a letter to Dr. Benjamin Rush. Writings, Vol. X, p. 379. Burton
Stevenson, The Home Book of Quotations—Classical & Modern
(New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1967), pp. 265-266. Barnes
Mayo, ed., Jefferson Himself--the personal narrative of a many-sided
American (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942) pp. 231, 235.
Catherine Millard, The Rewriting of America’s History (Camp
Hill, PA: Horizon House Publishers, 1991), p. 92. Library of American
Literature, Vol. III, p. 277. Stephen Abbott Northrop, D.D., A
Cloud of Witnesses (Portland, OR: American Heritage Ministries,
1987), p. 252. [return to document]
14) November 4,
1820, in a letter to Jared Sparks. Compiled for Senator A. Willis
Robertson, Letters of Thomas Jefferson (Williamsburg, VA: The
Williamsburg Foundation, April 27, 1960) Catherine Millard, The
Rewriting of America’s History (Camp Hill, PA: Horizon House
Publishers, 1991), p. 96. [return to document]
15) Thomas Jefferson,
Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794),
Query XVIII, pp. 236-237. [return to document]
16) Thomas Jefferson,
Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas
Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston: Gray and
Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 317, to Judge Spencer Roane on September
6, 1819. [return to document]
17) Thomas Jefferson,
Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Albert Ellery Bergh, editor (Washington
D. C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), Vol. XV,
p. 277, to William Charles Jarvis on September 28, 1820. [return
to document]
18) James D. Richardson,
A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789-1897
(Published by Authority of Congress, 1899), Vol. VI, p. 9, “Inaugural
Address” on March 4, 1861. [return to document]
19) David Barton,
Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion,
(Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 2000), p. 48. [return
to document]
20) David Barton,
Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion,
(WallBuilder Press, 2000), p. 13. [return to document]
21) David Barton,
The Truth About Thomas Jefferson and the First Amendment, (Aledo,
TX: WallBuilder Press, 1992). [return to document]
22) See The Debates
and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (Washington,
D. C.: Gales and Seaton, 1834), Vol. I, pp. 440-948, June 8- September
24, 1789. [return to document]
23) Debates and
Proceedings (1834), Vol. I, p. 451, June 8, 1789. [return
to document]
24) George Washington,
Address of George Washington, President of the United States ...
Preparatory to His Declination (Baltimore: George and Henry S.
Keating, 1796), pp. 22-23. [return to document]
25) Thomas Jefferson,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition (Washington,
D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904) Vol. XV, p.
40, to Samuel Kercheval, 1816. [return to document]
26) Joseph Story,
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Boston:
Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1833), Vol. III, p. 383, §400.
[return to document]
27) James Wilson,
The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor
(Philadelphia: Bronson and Chauncey, 1804), Vol. I, p. 14, from
“Lectures on Law Delivered in the College of Philadelphia;
Introductory Lecture: Of the Study of the Law in the United States.”
[return to document]
28) Noah Webster,
The Holy Bible . . . With Amendments of the Language (New Haven:
Durrie & Peck, 1833), p. iii. [return to document]
29) Letter of October
7, 1801, from Danbury (CT) Baptist Association to Thomas Jefferson,
from the Thomas Jefferson Papers Manuscript Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, D. C. [return to document]
30) Jefferson, Writings,
Vol. XVI, pp. 281-282, to the Danbury Baptist Association on January
1, 1802. [return to document]
31) Letter of October
7, 1801, from Danbury (CT) Baptist Association to Thomas Jefferson,
from the Thomas Jefferson Papers Manuscript Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, D. C. [return to document]
32) David Barton,
Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion,
(Wallbuilders Press, 2000), p. 48. [return to document]
33) George Washington,
Address of George Washington, President of the United States .
. .Preparatory to His Declination (Baltimore: George and Henry
S. Keating, 1796), pp. 22-23. [return to document]
34) Id. [return
to document]
35) The Daily Advertiser
(New York), May 1, 1789, p. 2; see also American State Papers:
Documents Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United
States (Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1833), Vol. I, pp. 9-10,
April 30, 1789. [return to document]
36) John Quincy
Adams, An Oration Delivered Before the Inhabitants of the Town
of Newburyport at Their Request on the Sixty-First Anniversary
of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1837 (Newburyport:
Charles Whipple, 1837), pp. 5-6. [return to document]
37) Alfred Armand
Montapert, Distilled Wisdom (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,
Inc., 1965) p. 36. Also Henry Halley, Halley’s Bible Handbook,
(Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1927, 1965), p. 18. “Our Christian
Heritage”, Letter from Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The
Plymouth Rock Foundation), p. 5. George Sivan, The Bible and Civilization
(New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1973), p. 178.
Gary DeMar, The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision, Inc.,
1993), p. 59. [return to document]
38) James Madison,
The Papers of James Madison, Henry D. Gilpin, editor (Washington:
Langtree and O’Sullivan, 1840), Vol. II, pp. 984-986, June
28, 1787. [return to document]
39) Benjamin Franklin,
The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Jared Sparks, editor (Boston: Tappan, Whittemore and Mason, 1840), Vol. X, p. 297, to Messrs.
The Abbes Chalut and Arnaud on April 17, 1787. [return
to document]
40) John Adams,
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States,
Charles Frances Adams, editor (Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
1854), Vol. IX, p. 229, to the Officers of the First Brigade of
the Third Division of the Militia of Massachusetts on October
11, 1798. [return to document]
41) Moses Coit Tyler,
Patrick Henry (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1897), p. 409,
to Archibald Blair on January 8, 1799. [return
to document]
42) Joseph Story,
Life and Letters of Joseph Story, William W. Story, editor (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1851), Vol. II, pp. 8, 92.
[return to document]
43) James Wilson,
The Works of the Honourable James Wilson, Bird Wilson, editor
(Philadelphia: Bronson and Chauncey, 1804), Vol. I, pp. 104-106,
“Of the General Principles of Law and Obligation.”
[return to document]
44) Elias Boudinot,
The Life, Public Services, Addresses, and Letters of Elias Boudinot, LL. D., President of the Continental Congress, J. J. Boudinot,
editor (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1896), Vol. I, p. 19,
speech in the First Provincial Congress of New Jersey. [return
to document]
45) Daniel Webster,
Mr. Webster’s Speech in Defence of the Christian Ministry
and in Favor of the Religious Instruction of the Young. Delivered in
the Supreme Court of the United States, February 10, 1844, in
the Case of Stephen Girard’s Will (Washington: Printed by
Gales and Seaton, 1844), p. 41. [return to document]
46) Noah Webster,
History of the United States (New Haven: Durrie & Peck, 1832),
p. 339, 53. [return to document]
47) March 30, 1863.
James D. Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers
of the Presidents, 1789-1897 (Published by Authority of Congress,
1899), vol. VI, p. 164. Gary DeMar, God and Government, A Biblical
and Historical Study (Atlanta, GA: American Vision Press, 1984),
p. 128-29. Also David Barton, The Myth of Separation (Aledo, TX:
WallBuilder Press, 1991), p. 259. Also Benjamin Weiss, God in
American History: A Documentation of America’s Religious
Heritage (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1966), p. 92. Willard Cantelon,
Money Master of the World (Plainfield, NJ: Logos International,
1976), p. 120. “Our Christian Heritage,” Letter from
Plymouth Rock (Marlborough, NH: The Plymouth Rock Foundation),
p. 6. Gary DeMar, The Untold Story (Atlanta, GA: American Vision,
Inc., 1993), pp. 53, 99. [return to document]
48) Church of the
Holy Trinity v. U.S., 465, 471 (1892). [return
to document]
49) People v.Ruggles,
8 Johns 546 (Sup. Ct. NY. 1811). [return to document] 50) December, 1984,
address given on the occasion of the enactment of the Equal Access
Bill of 1984. The Speech that Shook the Nation (Forerunner, December
1984), p. 12. David Barton, The Myth of Separation (Aledo, TX:
WallBuilder Press, 1991), pp. 17, 249. [return
to document]
51) Joseph Story,
A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1854), p. 259-261, §441, 444;
see also Story, Commentaries, Vol. III, p. 726, §1868. [return
to document]
52) Reports of Committees
of the House of Representatives Made During the First Session of the Thirty-Third Congress (Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson,
1854), pp. 1, 6, 8-9. [return to document]
53) The Reports
of Committees of the Senate of the United States for the Second
Session of the Thirty-Second Congress, 1852-53 (Washington: Robert Armstrong,
1853), pp. 1-4. [return to document]
54) Benjamin Rush,
Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical (Philadelphia: Thomas
& Samuel F. Bradford, 1798), p. 8, “Of the Mode of Education
Proper in a Republic.” [return to document]
55) Jared Sparks,
The Works of Benjamin Franklin, (Boston: Tappan, Whittemore, and
Mason, 1840), Vol.X, pp. 281-2. [return to document]
56) Thomas Jefferson,
Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas
Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston: Gray and
Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 104, to the Rev. Samuel Millar on January
23, 1808. [return to document]
57) Joseph Story,
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Boston:
Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1833), Vol. III, p. 731, §1873.
[return to document]
58) http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/History/constitutions/1868/1868preamble.html
[return to document]
59) http://www.alaska.edu/creatingalaska/constitution/
[return to document]
60) http://www.azleg.state.az.us/const/const.htm
[return to document]
61) http://www.usconstitution.net/states_god.html
[return to document]
62) http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.const/.preamble
[return to document]
63) Constitutions
(1785), pp. 99-100, Delaware, 1776, Article 22. [return
to document]
64) Constitutions
(1785), pp. 99-100, Delaware, 1776, Article 22.The Constitutions
of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), p. 257,
Vermont, 1792, Chapter II, Section XII. [return
to document]
65) Thomas Jefferson,
Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, From the Papers of Thomas
Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, editor (Boston: Gray and
Bowen, 1830), Vol. IV, p. 373, to Judge William Johnson on June
12, 1823. [return to document]
66) Everson v. Board
of Education, 330 U. S. 1, 18 (1947). [return to
document]
67) Engel v. Vitale,
370 U. S. 430, 425 (1962). [return to document]
68) Engel at 445,
Stewart, J. (dissenting). [return to document]
69) Abington v.
Schempp, 374 U. S. 312-313, Stewart, J. (dissenting). [return
to document]
70) Torcaso v. Watkins,
367 U. S. 488, 495, n. 11. [return to document]
71) http://members.aol.com/patriarchy/definitions/humanism_religion.htm
[return to document]
72) Abington at
312-313, Stewart, J. (dissenting). [return to document]
73) City Council
of Charleston v. S.A. Benjamin, 2 Strob. 522-524(Sup Ct. S.C.
1846). [return to document]
74) David Barton,
Original Intent, The Courts, the Constitution, & Religion,
(Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 2000), p. 70. [return
to document]
75) http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/d/dresdenjam136280.html
[return to document]
76) David Barton,
The Myth of Separation (Aledo, TX: WallBuilder Press, 1991), p.
46. [return to document]
77) http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/adolf_hitler/
[return to document]
78) Id. [return
to document] 79) January 9, 1795,
in a letter to William Smith. John Bartlett, Bartlett’s
Familiar Quotations (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1863, 1980),
p. 374. David Barton, The Myth of Separation (Aledo, TX: WallBuilder
Press, 1991), p. 262. Carroll E. Simcox, comp., 4400 Quotations
for Christian Communicators (Grand Rapids, MI: Bake Book House,
1991), p. 124. [return
to document]
80) Basic data from Department of Health and Human Services and Statistical
Abstract of the United States., Basic data from Statistical Abstract
of the United States, and the Department of Commerce, Census Bureau.,
Basic data from the Center for Disease Control and Department
of Health and Human Resources., Basic data from the College Entrance
Exam Board, New York., Basic data from Statistical Abstract of
the United States, and the Department of Commerce, Census Bureau. [return
to document]
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